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A hybrid technique, electrochemical ICP-atomic emission
spectrometry (EC/ICP-AES), was used to study the redox-induced metal transfer
from metallothionein adsorbates formed at thin mercury film (TMF) electrodes.
The MT adsorbates at the TMF exhibit similar voltammetric behavior to that
previously observed at dropping mercury electrodes, with peak potentials
at –1.20 V, -0.75 V, and –0.32 V. During the differential pulse voltammetric
(DPV) scan in the anodic direction, the Zn(Hg) and Cd(Hg) can be oxidized
at –1.20 V and –0.75 V, respectively. We suggested that the metals
detected by ICP-AES originate from the reduction of the zinc-cysteine thiolates
and the cadmium-cysteine thiolates during the controlled-potential MT adsorption
at –1.40 V. At –1.40 V, the TMF is negatively polarized and consequently
attract the positively charged MT molecules. The electrostatic attraction
should be the primary interaction between the adsorbate and the TMF because
the formation of the Hg-cysteine thiolate is unlikely at such a negative
potential. Interestingly, additional Zn2+ was found to co-elute with Cd2+
at –0.75 V. We attribute the additional Zn2+ elution to the oxidation
of the Cd-Zn intermetallic compound in the TMF. While Zn(Hg), the Zn-Cd
intermetallic compound, and Cd(Hg) can all be completely stripped off the
electrode in one DPV scan, the peak at –0.75 V, upon the initial decrease
during the first DPV scan, was found to sustain through repetitive scans.
This remaining peak is ascribed to the oxidation of free cysteines in the
MT molecules to form the cystine (Cys-Cys) analog. We found that, the higher
the MT concentration in the solution, the more the MT adsorbates will be
formed. We also observed that, despite the fact that the binding affinity
of MT towards Cd2+ is greater than Zn2+, a greater percentage of the initial
Cd2+ in the MT molecules than that of Zn2+ had been released during the
electrochemical reactions. While the exact reason is not clear, we
postulate that the extent of metal release might be related to the relative
easiness in oxidizing the cysteines at different metal-binding sites with
respect to the TMF surface. It is possible that certain sites are less
accessible for facile electron transfer reactions. The same effect can
also be used to explain the observation that, above certain MT concentrations,
the electron transfer reaction between the electrode and the MT molecules
in the solution phase appears to be hampered by the MT adsorbates. Consequently,
metals in the solution MT molecules cannot be released or replaced. Through
comparing and correlating the DPV measurements with the ICP-AES data, the
on-line combination of electrochemistry and ICP-AES is demonstrated to
be not only an accurate means for the determination of the metal transfer
from an adsorbate film, but also as a tool that is complementary to conventional
voltammetric techniques for unraveling complicated electrode reactions.
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