ࡱ> [ 0bjbj "^jj#ln4 ln?n !!!!!o",">>>>>>>$BA bC?u"!!""?+!!?+++"!!>+">+, +4r9T:!z Ynl(>+::d?0?9:V@D*@D:+X.@CHIN 410 Chinese Information Processing Unit 2: Encoding Chinese Characters (Week 3 and 4) Concepts Character standard set Character sets are standard sets of characters established for two main purposes: education (non-coded) and computing (coded). Non-coded character set Hanzi in China Xindi Hny TMngyng Zbio sNIl(uW[h (Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese), published on March 25, 1988. It is a standardized list of 7,000 hanzi defined in Among these characters, 3,500 are chngyng z 8^(uW[(frequently used characters) and 1,000 are c chngyng z !k8^(uW[ (secondary frequently used characters) Jinhuz zngbio {SW[;`h (Simplified Character Table) enumerates 2,249 simplified hanzi. TableCharactersDescription1 2 3350 146 1,753Independently simplified hanzi simplified characters components used in other hanzi hanzi simplified by using simplified components from Table 2 of the Simplified Character TableSource: Lunde, 1999. p. 68 Hanzi in Taiwan The basic set of hanzi in Taiwan is listed in a table called 8^(u WW[jnW[Ԛh chngyng guz biozhn zt bio (The Table of Standard Commonly Used Chinese Characters). It enumerates 4,808 hanzi. An additional set of 6,431 hanzi is defined in !k8^(u WW[jnW[Ԛh c chngyng guz biozhn zt bio (The Table of Standard Secondary Commonly Used Chinese Characters). 18,480 rare hanzi are defined in U(uW[Ԛh hnyong zt bio (The Table of Rarely Used Characters) 18 609 hanzi variants are defined in puԚ WW[W[h yt guz zbio (The Table of Character Variants) Source: Lunde, 1999. p. 68 Coded character set Ascii codes In 1963, ASA (The American Standards Association ) announced the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.asciitable.com/asciititle.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Computers can only understand numbers, so an ASCII code is the numerical representation of a character such as 'a' or '@' or an action of some sort. ASCII was developed a long time ago and now the non-printing characters are rarely used for their original purpose. Below is the ASCII character table and this includes descriptions of the first 32 non-printing characters. ASCII was actually designed for use with teletypes and so the descriptions are somewhat obscure. If someone says they want your CV however in ASCII format, all this means is they want 'plain' text with no formatting such as tabs, bold or underscoring - the raw format that any computer can understand. This is usually so they can easily import the file into their own applications without issues. Notepad.exe creates ASCII text, or in MS Word you can save a file as 'text only'  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.asciitable.com/ascii-full.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Extended ASCII Codes As people gradually required computers to understand additional characters and non-printing characters the ASCII set became restrictive. As with most technology, it took a while to get a single standard for these extra characters and hence there are few varying 'extended' sets. The most popular is presented below.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.asciitable.com/extend.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  GB China's national script stands out among those of the countries in the East Asia in that it uses the greatest number of "simplified Chinese characters," and for that reason, the character set of the People's Republic of China is called "Simplified Chinese." These simplified characters were originally supposed to be a step along the way to an easy-to-learn Romanized writing system for the national language aimed at increasing national literacy, but that goal has been abandoned due to problems the vast number of homonyms in the Chinese language would cause. The result is that the Chinese character set used in China is very different from the one used in Taiwan. The current standard in China is GB 2312-80 (GB is an abbreviation of Guo-jia Biao-zhun, or "National Standard"). The characters it includes are as follows: GB 2312-80 symbols (94) numerals (72) ISO 646-CN (94 full-width characters) hiragana (83) katakana (86) Greek alphabet (48) Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet (66) pinyin and bopomofo characters (26, 37) line-drawing elements (76) hanzi level 1 (3,755, ordered by pinyin reading) hanzi level 2 (3,008, ordered by Chinese character radical, then stroke) Total hanzi 6,763 Big5 Although so-called Mandarin Chinese is spoken in both Taiwan and China, the writing system of Taiwan is different from that of the mainland in that it is based on Chinese characters as they were traditionally written for centuries, and thus Taiwan's character set is called "Traditional Chinese." The Chinese characters of the Traditional Chinese character set, incidentally, are very similar to the Chinese characters used in Hong Kong, and Singapore. To date, two character sets have been developed for processing Traditional Chinese on computers. These are the Big-5 (so called because it was drawn up by "five large computer makers") and CNS 11643-1992 (CNS stands for "Chinese National Standard") character sets, which are somewhat compatible. The main difference is that CNS 11643-1992 contains considerably more Chinese characters than the Big-5 character set. The characters in these standards are as follows: Big-5 symbols (157) symbols (157) symbols (94) hanzi level 1 (5,401 Chinese characters ordered by number of strokes, then radical) hanzi level 2 (7,652 Chinese characters ordered by number of strokes, then radical) Total hanzi 13,053 Unicode U.S. computer firms began work in the first half of the 1980s on multilingual character sets and multilingual character encoding systems, and Xerox Corporation and IBM Corporation successfully implemented computer systems based on their research results. The Xerox researchers then proselytized their work to other U.S. software firms, and they were eventually successful in launching a U.S. industry project called Unification Code, or Unicode, the goal of which was to unify all of the worlds character sets into a single large character set. ISO/IEC 10646-1: 1993 ISO 646 ISO 8859-1 Eastern European accented characters International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Greek (including accented characters, "monotoniko" and "polytoniko") Cyrillic, Georgian and Armenian Hebrew Arabic characters (all four forms: initial, medial, final and stand-alone) Indian subcontinent character sets (including Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam) Thai and Lao Chinese/Japanese/Korean (CJK) ideographic characters (including hangul, katakana, hiragana, and bopomofo ) Mathematical operators and special character forms Box and line drawing characters Geometric shapes and Dingbats Special OCR characters used on cheques Encircled characters and numbers CJKV Character Set Server This is the site that generates properly-encoded CJKV character sets to be displayed directly in your browser or sent to you (in uuencoded form, if requested or necessary) via e-mail.  HYPERLINK "http://www.oreilly.com/~lunde/cjkv-char.html" http://www.oreilly.com/~lunde/cjkv-char.html How to Enode Characters The letter 'A' is represented by binary numbers (made up of zeroes and ones) in a character code table. 7 bits are called 1 byte.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/tronwebimages/charcodehisfig1.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Encoding Chinese Characters Chinese has much more characters. 7-bit encoding cannot cover all the characters. So two 8-bit (2 bytes) encoding method is used. JU the first byte is 0110000 the second byte is 0100001. That means this character is located in zone 16 (0110000) and the first position (0100001) . 160JU?W(cT UTvLv<w~x1r(l[O cf\HhfvQVeqPeYaoLcRbS'T{kQu]bˍvb]W8b8r}vg~vFdpO%bzes,dsb,gHrnbb4OtJSR~.^hi~hxQP$ނހSeR0 In order not to be overlapped with 7-bit ASCII codes, it is stipulated that each byte in GB must begin with 1. Therefore, the actual code for a character is two 8-bit . For example,  JU has 10110000 in the first byte and 10100001 in the second byte. Compare: 7-bit 0110000, 0100001 8-bit 10110000, 10100001 Practice 1. Display documents in simplified and traditional characters using NJSTAR 2. Save documents in various codes gb (text only) big5 (text only) njx (NJSTAR only) rtf (can be opened in Word) 3. Converting codes gb(big5(unicode Reference Lunde, Ken. 1999. CJKV Information Processing. Sebastopol, CA: OReilly. Searle , Steven J. 2002. A Brief History of Character Codes in North America, Europe, and East Asia. < HYPERLINK "http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/characcodehist.html" http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/characcodehist.html> (accessed September 2002). University of Pennsylvania. < HYPERLINK "http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Projects/Chinese/info_it.htm" http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Projects/Chinese/info_it.htm> (accessed September, 2002). 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