Dear cybergeographers, Here are keywords and concepts for you to look up as you review your notes for lectures, labs, and Pidwirny chapter 9 for the third exam. They are in no particular order. Dr. Rodrigue --------------- What the organizational basis of many classification systems are: genetic or evolutionary morphological or structural chemical or physical composition functional Understand each of the following life classification systems and recognize the basis for its organization (genetic, morphological, compositional, or functional) Linnaean binomial nomenclature definition of a species and some examples where things get a little fuzzy Linnaean hierarchy: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species be able to recognize when a species' name is correctly written be able to recognize which creatures are more closely related if you're given their full Linnaean classification (even if you don't know what the critters are) cladistics and clades life forms (what they are and be able to recognize obvious examples) tree shrub liana herb grass forb fern epiphyte bryophyte fungus alga lichen lifestyle classification of plants (Raunkiaer's) phanerophytes chamaephytes hemicryptophytes cryptophytes geophytes epiphytes therophytes biome typology of vegetation associations (description and general locations -- you might find it helpful to look at the maps of climate types discusse in Lecture 21 -- here's a speed-link -- http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/100/koppen_web/koppen_map.htm): tree-dominated biome subtypes: forests: tropical rainforests (selvas) subtropical conifer forests West Coast marine forests temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ("summergreen" forests) taigas (boreal forests) woodlands: tropical deciduous woodlands Mediterranean woodlands desert woodlands scrublands: biome subtypes dominated by shrubs Mediterranean scrub (our chaparral) Mediterranean coastal sage heath deserts tundra grass-dominated biome subtypes: tropical: savanna sudan temperate: prairie steppe Ecological relationships (and be able to recognize examples): parasitism predation competition symbiosis hybridization Allelopathy Evolution Darwin's contribution: not the idea of evolution but its mechanism descent with modification natural selection among modified descendants difference between arithmetic growth and exponential growth direct versus inverse relationships (that one, again) Mendel's contribution genes (genetic loci) alleles how many alleles a sexually-reproducing organism gets at each genetic locus from each parent homozygous vs. heterozygous dominance vs. recessiveness the Modern Synthesis (Darwin + Mendel) allopatric speciation: geographical separation leads to reproductive isolation founder effect gene drift physically different environments with different selection pressures sympatric speciation: reproductive isolation develops even in the same geographical area (e.g., the cichlid fishes in Africa's Lake Victoria, hawthorne maggot flies and apples) prokaryotic cell design versus eukaryotic cell design evidence for the Modern Synthesis paleontological record no reversals (complex organisms appearing before simpler ones) so many intermediates between lineages that it's hard to separate them clearly way back in time (e.g., reptile jaw and mammalian jaw and ear bones, birds and small dinosaurs) homologies (e.g., human hand and whale fin bones and horses' legs) biogeography extreme adaptive radiation on islands at low levels of the Linnaean hierarchy (e.g., Darwin's finches on the Galapagos) and yet often impoverishment at the family and higher level competitive exclusion principle and extinctions of indigenous organisms by introduced exotics embryology molecular biology and molecular "clocks" Ecological concepts: environment energy environment material environment reproductive environment and how it includes surviving long enough to reproduce and social factors photosynthesis (be able to recognize it by inputs and outputs) respiration (be able to recognize it by inputs and outputs) material recycling energy flow food chain food web energy pyramid trophic level primary producer herbivore carnivore detritivore endotherms ectotherms energy loss up a trophic pyramid and what it means for the biomass that can be supported at a given trophic level who is more fragile in terms of being able to maintain a viable breeding population in an ecosystem: high level predators or herbivores? the role of key predator species in conservation efforts Biodiversity energy-diversity relationships (latitude and diversity) species-area relationship (area effect) species richness biodiversity hotspots (are all of them in humid tropical climates?) species richness for mammalian quadrupeds and its geographical pattern What does deciduousness do for a plant? What are its costs to a plant? Xerophytic adaptations: deciduousness sclerophylly tough or thick bark reduced leaf size stem photosynthesis deep roots shallow surface root networks spines or thorns How the probabilities and the magnitude of fire hazard increase through time in chaparral and taiga vegetation systems How humans respond to low-level recurrent hazards and how that affects their experience of the much rarer but really high magnitude hazards Chi-squared how you interpret a calculated Chi-squared using a table of critical Chi-square values What's prob-value? What's alpha? What are degrees of freedom for a Chi-squared table? Yule's Q how you calculate it from a 2 x 2 data table how you interpret the values that it produces, which range from -1.0 through 0 to +1.0 how you know whether the association is direct or inverse Remember the basic algebraic order of operations: squares, other exponents, and roots first; then any multiplication or division; then any addition or subtracion --------------------- last revised 04/21/08