PSYCHOLOGY 361
Study guide for final exam essay test.
1. Ethological Theory of Attachment: adaptation as Bowlby used the term; Adaptive function of attachment system; internal working models, natural clues, species-typical behaviors involved in maintaining contact and in promoting social interaction; the set point and secure base idea; the hybrid nature of the theory (i.e., the roles of biological predispositions, cognitive processing, and learning).Be able to describe how children with the three attachment classifications (resistant/ambivalent, secure, avoidant) behave in the Strange Situation procedure. Be able to describe the Internal Working Model of children in the three attachment classifications discussed.
2. From pp. 606-607: What are self-regulation, the control phase, the self-control phase, and the self-regulation phase? What are the age differences in how long children can delay gratification. How do parents shift control strategies to respond to children’s changing cognitive abilities? Be able to define passive inhibition system and active inhibition system. What is the connection between effortful control (an aspect of the active inhibition system) to internalization of rules. What type of discipline is more effective with relatively fearless children?
3. Be able to describe the evolutionary theory of sex differences. (This is in the notes for Chapter 13.) Be able to discuss how sex differences in aggression are predicted by the theory.
4. IQ: What is g and why is it important for success in life (not just
school)? This relates to the article by Gottfredson posted on the internet and
discussed in lecture. Gottfredson talks about how g is important in everyday
life; see her section titled "g on the job". What is the hierarchical model of
intelligence? (This is in the notes for Chapter 11 which are based on the book
[p. 416] it is also discussed in Gottfredson's article.)
What are some of
the biological correlates of g? (In Gottfredson's article.) What are "elementary
cognitive tasks" and what do they measure? (In Gottfredson.)
How are IQ
tests validated? (From notes for Chapter 10 of the text)
What are the results of intervention studies (Head Start and the Abecedarian
Project) that attempt to raise IQ and school performance? This is in the notes
for Chapter 10 of the text; it is also discussed at the end of the Gottfredson article.
5. From Chapter 11: "Dimensions of Parental Behavior", pp. 462-465: Describe the two
major dimensions of parenting (Emotionality [or warmth] and Control). How does
parental control change with age). Understand Figure 11-2 which
illustrates the two dimensions of emotionality and control and how they result
in the four types of parenting: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive and
Uninvolved. Be able to describe these parenting types and what kind of children
are associated with these different types. Pay particular attention to the
Uninvolved style of parenting.
p. 467: Is authoritative parenting always the
best strategy?
Box 11-2: How would you describe the Chinese style of
parenting in terms of the four different parenting styles?
6. p. 632: Be able to discuss Patterson's research on the family environments of aggressive children. This means understanding parental disciplinary styles of aggressive parents, differences in how they treat sons and daughters, the characteristics of the child (note the child is not seen as a passive victim here; note the bidirectional model), coercive exchanges between parents and children and among siblings, failure of parents to monitor children outside the home. What is the point of Figure 14-8 on the development of antisocial behavior in school settings?