Chinese 101
PCR Lesson 1-12 Review Sheet

Directions:
This document contains grammar review and vocabulary list for Practical Chinese Reader lessons 1 to 12. This information is divided into three parts Basic Grammar, Making Questions, and Vocabulary. Students should be familiar with these grammatical structures and vocabulary use.


Part 1: Basic Grammar
Using adjectives in Mandarin:
Adjectives play a role as verbs  in Chinese sentences, hence adjectives are labeled "adjectival predicates" or "stative verbs." The basic sentence pattern is: Subject + hen3 + adjectival predicate.

The Verb-Object construction:
The verb-object grammar structure is the foundation of Mandarin grammar. We will build on this structure throughout the first semester. The sentence pattern is: Subject + verb + object. That pattern can be applied to most of the verbs we have learned, subject + shi4 + object, subject + he1 + object, subject + zai4 + place, subject + zhu4(zai4) + place, subject + yong4 + object, and so on.

Adverbs:
In Mandarin adverbs consistently appear before verbs. The sentence pattern is: Adverb + verb, or adverb + adjectival predicate. Some examples are: bu4 hao3, dou1 zai4, ye3 shi4.

Time Adverbs:
Time words are adverbs, so like other adverbs come before the verb.  The sentence pattern for a sentence with a time word is: Subject + time + verb + object, or Subject + time + hen3 + object. Some examples of this pattern are: 
Wo3men xian4zai4 zai4 zher4.
Ta1 chang2 he1 cha2.
Lao3shi1 xian1 qu4 Zhong1guo2.
Wo3men zian4zai4 hen3 mang2.

Personal Titles:
In Chinese as in many other languages, an individuals title is preceded by their family name. This is the opposite of what we are accustomed to in English. In Chinese we say Smith Mr. not Mr. Smith. Some examples are:
Xie4 lao3shi1
Che1 ma1ma
Wang2 dai4fu


Part 2: Asking Questions
The ma Question:
The most basic of Chinese questions is the ma question. Ma questions are formed by adding ma to the end of a statement, Statement + ma? Examples ma questions are:
Ni3 hao3 ma?
Ta1 shi4 Ying1guo2 ren2 ma?
Ni3 de peng2you zai4 su4she4 ma?
Ta1men zhu4zai4 Zhong1guo2 ma?

The ne Question:
Ne is a simple way to ask "And what about x?" When asking a ne question the person the question is being directed at should already be aware of the object of the question. The object should have been mentioned earlier in the conversation. Something like "I am fine. How about you?" in English translates well into the ne grammatical structure, "Wo3 hen3 hao3, ni3 ne?" Some more examples follow:
Wo3men dou1 mang2, ni3 ne?
Ying1guo2 che1 hen3 gui4, Fa3guo2 che1 ne?
Ta1 zai4 su4she4, ta1 ge1ge ne?
Lao3shi1 yong4 Han4yu3 ci2dian3, xue2sheng ne?

The Choice Question (This construction is officially used introduced in lesson 13):
Another convenient way to ask a question in Mandarin is the choice question. This question is formed by inserting "verb + bu4 + verb" into a sentence in place of the original verb. This structure applies similarly with adjectival predicate sentence construction. When using this pattern the bu4 is a neutral tone. Example of this construction are:
Xue2sheng mang2 bu mang2?
Ni3 ba4ba hao3 bu hao3?
Ni3 kan4 bu kan4 Han4yu3 shu1?
Ta1men he1 bu he1 Ying1guo2 cha2?
Lao3shi1 yong4 bu yong4 Zhong1guo2 di4tu2?

Question Words:
We have already learned several question words (shei2, na3, shen2me, duo1shao3, nar3). Forming questions in Mandarin using a question word does not alter the grammatical structure of a statement. It is sometimes helps to think of an expected answer to a question when creating this type of question sentence. Simply replace the expected answer with an appropriate question word. If I were to do this in English with the question "Where is the Chinese book?" I would first imagine a possible answer like "The Chinese book is here." Then replace the "here" with an appropriate question word. That leaves me with "The Chinese book is where?" or "Han4yu3 shu1 zai4 nar3?" Other examples are:
Ni3men de Han4yu3 lao3shi1 shi4 shei2?
Xie4 lao3shi1 shi4 na3 guo2 ren2?
Zhe4 shi4 shen2me di4tu2?
Ta1 zhu4 duo1shao3 hao4?


Part 3: Vocabulary by Lesson
Lessons 1-3: ni3, hao3, ma, wo3, hen3, ne, ye3, mang2, bu4, ge1, ta1, di4, men, dou1
Lessons 4-6: zhe4, shi4, ba4, ma1, peng2you, de, che1, na4, ta1, shu1, dai4fu, na3 guo2 ren2, shei2, lao3shi1, Han4yu3
Lesson 7: shen2me, di4tu2, kan4
Lesson 8: qing3, he1, cha2, nin2, jin4, huan1ying2, xie4, ke4qi, xi1yan1
Lesson 9: gui4 xing4, wen4, liu2xue2sheng1, jiao4, wai4, yuan4, xi2
Lesson 10: zai4, zuo4, er2, su4she4, zhu4, duo1shao3, hao4, ceng2, yi1, er4, san1, si4, wu3
Lesson 11: huan2, hua4bao4, ci2dian3, xian4zai4, yong4, xia4, zai4jian4, liu4, qi1, ba1, jiu3, shi2
Lesson 12: nv3, xian1, ren4shi, Ying1, Fa3, chang2, qu4