This list of readings should provide the M.A. candidate adequate preparation for the comprehensive examinations. One should note that the list is designed with close consultation with Dr. Hood in mind. At least one semester prior to the examination the student should consult with Dr. Hood to discuss this bibliography and to choose books and areas of concentration. Throughout the semester in which the examination will be taken, the student should consult with his or her advisor, discuss the readings, and attack the thesis topics of each of the readings chosen. At least two weeks prior to the examination itself the student must provide Dr. Hood with a list of books read. This will allow the questions to be tailored according to the selective bibliographic preparation and special interests of each student. Further, it will allow the questions to make full use of the candidate's background in preparing for the examination. Substitutes may (and must) be approved. Paperbacks are designated by asterisks.

I. Introduction (7 books--one each from each category A-G):

A. The candidate should be familliar with the valuable Introduction to Ancient History by Hermann Bengtson (University of California Press, 1971).

B. Greek and Roman Science (choose one):

1. *M. Clagett, Greek Science in Antiquity, (Collier)

2. T. Africa, Science and the State in Greece and Rome (Wiley)

C. Ancient Philosophy (choose one);

1. F. Copleston, History of Philosophy, Vol. I: Parts 1 and 2 (Doubleday, 1962)

2. W. Guthrie, The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotle (Methuen, 1950)

3. J. V. Luce, An Introduction to Greek Philosophy (Thames and Hudson, 1992)

D. Ancient Historiography (choose one):

1. M. I. Finley, Ancient History: Evidence and Models (Viking, 1986)

2. Charles Fornara, The Nature of History in Ancient Greece and Rome (University of California Press, 1988).

3. Arnaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (University of California Press, 1990)

4. *Burstein, et al., Ancient History: Recent Work and New Directions (Regina Books, 1997)

E. Greek and Roman Social History (choose one):

1. Paul Veyne, Bread and Cirsuses: Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism (Penguin, 1990)

2. Michael Grant, A Social History of Greece and Rome (Scribers', 1993)

F. Slavery (choose one):

1. M. I. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (Viking, 1989)

2. *Yvon Garlan, Slavery in Ancient Greece (Cornell University Press, 1988)

3. *Garnsey, Peter, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine (Cambridge U.P., 1996)

G. Women/Sexuality (choose one):

1. Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1988)

2. *Eva Cantarella, Pandora's Daughters (Johns Hopkins, 1981)

3. *Elaine Fantham, ed., Women in the Classical World (Oxford University Press, 1994)

4. *Mary Lefkowitz and Maureen Fant, Women's Life in Greece and Rome (Johns Hopkins, 1982)

5. *Sarah Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves (Schocken, 1976)

6. Sarah Pomeroy, ed., Women's History and Ancient History (Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1991)

II. History of Ancient Greece

A. Survey texts--select one:

1. J. B. Bury and R. Meiggs, A History of Greece (4th edition, 1975)

2. N.G.L. Hammond, A History of Greece (Oxford, 1967)

3. G. Botsford, C.A. Robinson and D. Kagan, Hellenic History (Macmillan, 1969)

4. *Hermann Bengtson, History of Greece (Ottowa, 1988)

5. *Raphael Sealey, A History of the Greek City States (Univ. of California Press, 1976)

6. Sarah Pomeroy et al., Ancient Greece (Oxford University Press, 1999)

B. Preclassical (choose one):

1. Dickinson, Oliver, The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age (Routled

2. *Drews, Robert, The Coming of the Greeks (Princeton University Press, 1988)

3. Drews, Robert, The End of the Bronze Age (Princeton University Press, 1993)

4. Tandy, David, Warriors into Traders: The Power of the Market in Early Greece (University of California, 1997)

5. Thomas, Carol & Craig Conant, Citadel to City State: The Transformation of Greece 1200-700 B.C.E. (Indiana University Press, 1999)

C. Archaic Greece (choose one):

1. *A. Andrewes, The Greek Tyrants (Harper, 1963)

2. Walter Burkert, The Orientalizing Revolution (Harvard University Press, 1992)

3. Michael Grant, The Rise of the Greeks (Scribners, 1988)

4. *James McGlew, Tyranny and Political Culture in Ancient Greece (Cornell Univ. Press, 1993)

5. *Oswyn Murray, Early Greece (Harvard University Press, 1993)

6. *Robin Osborne, Greece in the Making (Routledge, 1996)

7. *Anthony Snodgrass, Archaic Greece (University of California Press, 1980)

D. Athens (choose two):

1. A.H.M. Jones, Athenian Democracy (Oxford, 1957)

2. *Donald Kagan, Pericles of Athens (Simon & Schuster, 1991)

3. *Philip Manville, Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens (Princeton Univ. Press, 1990)

4. Christian Meier, Athens (Henry Holt, 1998)

5. *Russell Meiggs, The Athenian Empire (Oxford University Press, 1972)

6. Mark Munn, The School of Hellas (University of California Press, 2000)

7. *J. W. Roberts, City of Sokrates (Routledge, 1998)

8. Raphael Sealey, The Athenian Republic (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1987)

9. *R. K. Sinclair, Democracy and Participation in Athens Cambridge, 1988)

10. David Stockton, The Classical Athenian Democracy Oxford, 1990)

E. Sparta (choose one):

1. Paul Cartledge, The Spartans (Overlook, 2003)

2. Paul Cartledge, Spartan Reflections (University of California Press, 2001)

3. *H. Mitchell, Sparta (Cambridge, 1964)

4. *W.G. Forrest, A History of Sparta (Norton, 1968)

F. Special Periods: Students taking one examination in all of ancient history should select either (1) or (2). Students taking Greece as a separate examination must select both (1) AND (2). Selection should be made in consultation with the student's advisor.

1. The Persian Wars (5 books):

a. H. Bengtson, The Greeks and the Persians (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970) OR

Burn, A.R., Persia and the Greeks (Stanford University Press, 1984) OR

Cawkwell, George, The Greek Wars (Oxford University Press, 2005) OR

Peter Green, The Greco-Persian Wars (University of California Press, 1996) OR

J. F. Lazenby, The Defence of Greece (Aris and Phillips, 1993) OR

Barry Strauss, The Battle of Salamis (Simon and Schuster, 2004)

b. *Herodotus, The Persian Wars (Penguin)

c. *Plutarch: Solon, Themistocles, Aristides

d. *Aeschylus, Oresteia

e. *W. Barnstone, Sappho and the Greek Lyric Poets (Schocken, 1988)

2. The Peloponnesian War (5 books):

a. H. DeRomilly, Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism (Oxford, 1963) OR

G.E.M. De St. Croix, "The Character of the Athenian Empire," Historia III (1954/55), 1-41 AND D. W. Bradeen, Historia IX (1960), 257ff. OR

*Anton Powell, Athens and Sparta (Routledge, 1988)

b. Victor Hanson, A War Like No Other (Randon House, 2005) OR

*Barry Strauss, Fathers and Sons in Athens (Princeton University Press, 1993)

c. *Thucydides (Penguin)

d. *Plutarch: Pericles, Alcibiades, Nicias, Lysander

e. Aristophanes (Lysistrata, Acharnians, Clouds, Knights) OR

Sophocles (Theban Plays)

G. Alexander and Macedon (choose one):

1. *Eugene Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon (Princeton, 1990)

2. *A. B. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great (Cambridge, 1988)

3. Paul Cartledge, Alexander the Great (Overlook, 2004)

4. *J. R. Ellis, Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism (Princeton, 1986)

5. R. Malcolm Errington, History of Macedonia (University of California, 1990)

6. Peter Green, Alexander of Macedon (University of California, 1991)

7. *N.G.L. Hammond, Alexander the Great (Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997)

8. *N.G.L. Hammond, Genius of Alexander the Great (Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997)

9. *N.G.L. Hammond, The Macedonian State (Oxford University Press, 1989)

10. *N.G.L. Hammond, Miracle that was Macedonia (St. Martin's Press, 1991)

H. The Hellenistic World (choose one):

1. *W.W. Tarn and G.T. Griffith, Hellenistic Civilization (Meridian, 1965)

2. M. Cary, A History of the Hellenic World: 323-146 B.C. (Methuen, 1968)

3. *M. Grant, From Alexander to Cleopatra (Scribner's, 1982)

4. Peter Green, Alexander to Actium (University of California, 1990)

5. *A. Momigliano, Alien Wisdom (Cambridge, 1990)

6. *Graham Shipley, The Greek World After Alexander (Routledge, 2000)

7. *F. W. Walbank, The Hellenistic World (Harvard, 1981)

I. Warfare (choose one):

1. Pierre Ducrey, Warfare in Ancient Greece (Schocken, 1986)

2. Victor Hanson, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience (Routledge, 1991)

3. Victor Hanson, The Western Way of War (Oxford, 1990)

4. *John Rich et al., War and Society in the Greek World (Routledge, 1993)

J. Social History of Greece (choose one):

1. M.M. Austin, Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece (University of California, 1977)

2. *James Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes (Harper Collins, 1997)

3. M. I. Finley, Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece (Viking, 1981)

4. Robert Garland, Greek Way of Death (Cornell, 1985)

5. Robert Garland, Greek Way of Life (Cornell, 1990)

6. W. K. Lacey, The Fanily in Classical Greece (Cornell, 1968)

7. Cynthia Patterson, The Family in Greek History (Harvard University Press, 1998)

III. History of Rome

A. General (choose one):

1. M. Cary & H. Scullard, A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine (New York, 1975)

2. Ward, Heichelheim and Yeo, A History of the Roman People (Prentice-Hall, 1999)

3. Thomas Africa, The Immense Majesty (Harlan-Davidson, 1991)

4. Karl Christ, The Romans (University of California, 1984)

The area of Roman History is too vast for the student to prepare equally in all fields; therefore those students taking one examination in all of ancient hsitory should select either two areas from the Republic (B) and one from the Empire (C), or one area from the Republic (B) and two from the Empire (C). Students taking Rome as a distinct field must chose two from the Republic and two from the Empire. Selection should be made in consultation with the candidate's advisor.

B. The Republic

1. The Early Republic-70 B.C. (5 books):

a. The Period before the Lex Hortensia (choose one):

1) E. Gjerstad, Legends and Facts of Early Roman History (Lund: Gleerup, 1961)

2) *Livy, Books I-V (Penguin)

3) T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (Routledge, 1995)

4) Jean-Michel David, Roman Conquest of Italy (Blackwell, 1994)

5) Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome (University of California Press, 2005)

b. From the Lex Hortensia to 70 B.C. (4 books):

1) M. Gelzer, The Roman Nobility (Blackwell, 1969)

2) E. Badian, Foreign Clientele (Oxford, 1958) OR

E. Gruen, Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (Cambridge, 1968) OR

*E. Badian, Publicans and Sinners (Cornell, 1972)

3) *William Harris, War & Imperialism in Republican Rome (Oxford, 1985) OR

A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East (University of Oklahoma, 1984)

4) *Erich Gruen, Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy University of California, 1996) OR

Alan Astin, Cato the Censor (Oxford, 1978)

2. 70 B.C. - A.D. 14 (5 books):

a. *R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1960)

b. *L.R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (Berkeley, 1964)

c. *Sallust, Catilinarian Conspiracy (Penguin) OR

*Cicero, Selected Works (Penguin)

d. *E. Badian, Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic (Cornell Univ. Press, 1968) OR

Mary Beard, Rome in the Late Republic (Cornell University Press, 1985) OR

A.J. Langguth, A Noise of War (Simon and Schuster, 1994) OR

Arthur Keaveney, The Army in the Roman Revolution (Routledge, 2007) OR

Arthur Keavaney, Rome & the Unification of Italy (Croom Helm, 1987) OR

Fergus Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Univ. of Michigan, 1998)

Josiah Osgood, Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2006)

e. Biography (choose one):

Thomas Carney, Biography of C. Marius (Proc. African Classical Association, 1981)

M.L. Clarke, The Noblest Roman–Marcus Brutus (Thames & Hudson, 1981)

*Manfred Fuhrman, Cicero and the Roman Republic (Blackwell, 1990)

Matthias Gelzer, Caesar (Harvard, 1968)

Christian Habicht, Cicero the Politician (Johns Hopkins, 1990)

Richard Holland, Augustus (Sutton, 2004)

*Arthur Keaveney, Sulla (Croom Helm. 1986)

*John Leach, Pompey the Great (Croom Helm, 1986)

Christian Meier, Caesar (Basic Books, 1982)

Robin Seager, Pompey (California, 1979)

Philip Spann, Quintus Sertorius (U. Arkansas, 1987)

Jeffrey Tatum, The Patrician Tribune P. Clodius Pulcher (Univ. of N. Carolina, 1999)

Allen Ward, Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic (Missouri, 1977)

*Neal Wood, Cicero's Social and Political Thought (California, 1988)

C. The Empire

1. General (1 book)--all candidates must choose this section:

*Richard Alston, Aspects of Roman History (Routledge, 1998)

*Peter Garnsey & Richard Saller, The Roman Empire (University of California, 1987)

John Wacher, The Roman Empire (Barnes and Noble, 1987)

Colin Wells, The Roman Empire (Stanford University Press, 1984)

2. The Julio-Claudian Age (4 books):

a. *R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1960) OR

*F. Millar & E. Segal, eds., Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1985) OR

*Robert Gurval, Actium and Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1998)

Ramsay MacMullan, Romanization in the Time of Augustus (Yale University Press, 2000) OR

*Josiah Osgood, Caesar's Legacy (Cambridge, 2006)

b. *Tacitus, Annals (Penguin)

c. *Petronius, The Satyricon (Mentor)

d. Imperial Biography (choose one):

Anthony Barrett, Agrippina (Yale University Press, 1996)

Anthony Barrett, Caligula (Yale, 1989)

Anthony Everitt, Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome (Random House, 2009)

Arthur Ferrill, Caligula (Thames & Hudson, 1991)

John Grainger, Nerva (Routledge, 2004)

Michael Grant, Nero (Dorsett, 1970)

Miriam Griffin, Nero (Yale, 1985)

Barbara Levick, Claudius (Yale, 1990)

*Barbara Levick, Tiberius the Politician (Croom Helm, 1976)

Pat Southern, Augustus (Routledge, 1998)

Elizabeth Speller, Following Hadrian (Oxford, 2003)

2. The Later Empire (4 books):

a. *E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Viking Portable)

b. *Pliny, Letters of the Younger Pliny (Penguin)

c. *Juvenal, The Satires of Juvenal (Mentor)

d. Biography (choose one):

Julian Bennett, Trajan Indiana University Press, 1997)

Anthony Birley, Hadrian (Routledge, 1997)

Anthony Birley, Marcus Aurelius (Yale, 1987)

Anthony Birley, Septimius Severus (Doubleday, 1972)

Michael Grant, The Antonines (Routledge, 1994)

Michael Grant, The Severans (Routledge, 1996)

Barbara Levick, Vespasian (Routledge, 1999)

Pat Southern, Domitian (Routledge, 1997)

D. Roman Provinces and Frontiers (2 books):

1. Provinces (1 book):

Leonard Curchin, Roman Spain (Barnes and Noble, 1991)

S. Keay, Roman Spain (University of California, 1988)

Susan Raven, Rome in Africa (Routledge, 1984)

2. Frontiers and Barbarians(1 book):

Thomas Burns, Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.-A.D. 400 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003)

*Stephen Drummond & Lynn Nelson, Western Frontiers of Imperial Rome (Sharpe, 1994)

*Stephen Dyson, Creation of the Roman Frontier (Princeton, 1985)

Hugh Elton, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Indiana University, 1996)

*Benjamin Isaac, The Limits of Empire (Oxford, 1990)

Susan Mattern, Rome and the Enemy (University of California Press, 1999)

Fergus Millar, Roman Empire and its Neighbors (Holmes and Meier, 1981)

C. R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Johns Hopkins, 1994)

Derek Williams, The Reach of Rome (St. Martin's, 1996)

E. Roman Social and Intellectual Life (3 books):

1. The Rise of Christianity (choose one):

a. Stephen Benko, Pagan Rome and the Early Christians (Indiana, 1984)

b. G. W. Bowersock, Martyrdom and Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1995)

c. *Pierre Chuvin, A Chronicle of the Last Pagans (Harvard University Press, 1990)

d. R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (Yale, 1984)

e. Marta Sordi, The Christians and the Roman Empire (Oklahoma, 1987)

f. R. Wilken, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them (Yale, 1984)

2. The Family and Social Relations (choose two):

a. Geza Alfoldi, Social History of Rome (Johns Hopkins, 1988)

b. J.P. V.D. Balsdon, Roman Women (Barnes and Noble, 1983)

c. R. H. Barrow, Slavery in the Roman Empire (Methuen, 1968)

d. Carlin Barton, Roman Honor (University of California Press, 2001)

e. *Carlin Barton, Sorrows of the Ancient Romans (Princeton University Press, 1993)

f. Richard Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome (Routledge, 1992)

g. Richard Beacham, Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome (Yale University Press, 1999)

h. Stanley Bonner, Education in Ancient Rome (California, 1977)

i. *Keith Bradley, Discovering the Roman Family (Oxford, 1991)

j. Keith Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World (Indiana Univ.Press, 1989)

k. *K. R. Bradley, Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1987)

l. *K. R. Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1994)

m. P. A. Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic (Norton, 1971)

n. Andrew Dalby, Empire of Pleasures (Routledge, 2000)

o. Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Family (Johns Hopkins, 1992)

p. Florence DuPont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome (Blackwell, 1989)

q. Alison Futrell, Blood in the Arena (University of Texas Press, 1997)

r. Donald Kyle, Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome (Routledge, 1998)

s. Paul Plass, The Game of Death in Ancient Rome (Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1995)

t. Sarah Pomeroy, The Murder of Regilla: A Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity (Harvard University Press, 2007)

u. *D. S. Potter, Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire (University of Michigan, 1999)

v. Beryl Rawson, The Family in Ancient Rome (Cornell, 1986)

w. O. F. Robinson, Ancient Rome: City Planning & Administration (Routledge, 1994)

x. Richard Saller, Patriarchy, Property and death in the Roman Family (Cambridge, 1994)

y. Thomas Weideman, Emperors and Gladiators (Routledge, 1992)

F. Late Antiquity (2 books, one from each category):

1. The Late Empire (choose one)

Peter Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (Harvard, 1978)

Thomas Burns, Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome (Indiana University Press, 1994)

Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire (Harvard University Press, 1993)

*Averil Cameron, Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity (Routledge, 1993)

Michael Grant, From Rome to Byzantium (Routledge, 1998)

*John Moorhead, The Roman Empire Divided (Longman, 2001)

*David Potter, The Empire at Bay (Routledge, 2004)

Derek Williams, Romans and Barbarians (St. Martin's Press, 1998)

2. Late Imperial Biographies (choose one):

Timothy Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Harvard, 1981)

G. W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate (Harvard, 1978)

H.A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000)

Maria Dzielska, Hypatia of Alexandria (Harvard, 1995)

Michael Grant, Constantine the Great (Scribner's Sons, 1993)

Steven Williams, Diocletian (Methuen, 1985)

Steven WIlliams, Theodosius (Yale University Press, 1994)

G. The Fall of the Roman Empire (Choose one):

Arthur Ferrill, Fall of the Roman Empire (Thames & Hudson, 1986)

Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford University Press, 2006)

Ramsay MacMullen, Corruption and the Decline of Rome (Yale, 1988)

Aldo Schiavone, The End of the Past (Harvard University Press, 2000)

Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford University Press, 2005)

Stephen Williams, The Rome the Did Not Fall (Routledge, 1999)