Some General Guidelines for Citation

It is important to cultivate proper citation habits in your academic writing.  Below are some general guidelines for when one ought to cite a source in a paper or other written assignment.

1) If you use an unchanged phrase from an original source, you should either use an block quote format (for longer quotes) or quotation marks (for shorter quotes).  Any work not written by you is an original source, including world wide web sources.   You must also cite the source in a footnote, text note, or endnote.

2) If you paraphrase material from an original source,  you must also cite the source in a footnote, text note, or endnote.  A paraphrase is any restatement of a sentence or passage largely in one's own words.  Sentences where a single word or phrase has been changed should be quoted with the change in brackets.

3) If you utilize an idea, insight, research result, example, etc. from any original source, you should cite that source in a footnote, text note, or endnote.

4) You should always include all materials that you consulted in writing in your bibliography, even if you do not cite them in the text.

Formatting and Citation Guides

Chicago Manual of Style at Ohio State

MLA at Berkeley (towards bottom has examples of in paper citations)

Searchable Biblography Citation Formats Page at Duke

Within Paper Citation Suggestions and Plagiarism Pages at Duke