by: Phil Hill
Final Report - Original Submission May 2007
(Revision - June 2007 based on campus feedback)
Changes for June 2007 Revision
Executive Summary
Introduction
Collegiate Findings
Faculty Findings
Non-collegiate Department Findings
Library and Academic Technology Services (LATS) Findings
Summary of Findings
Conclusions and Synthesis of Issues
Recommendations
Appendix A - Strategic Plan Starter Document
Appendix B - Organizational Models
Appendix C - Starter List of Common Services
Based on campus meetings in May, this report has been revised to incorporate clarifications and changes brought up in the meetings. There is only change of content in the June 2007 Revision:
All other changes in this revision are based on making the content more self-explanatory and readable.
Rather than calling out each edit, I recommend that the reader read the entire document to gather the appropriate context for the assessment and recommendation
The purpose of this work is to assess the University's practices for developing and delivering the Division of Academic Affairs' technology services, and jointly develop a plan for dramatically improving these practices. In February and March 2007, we have conducted a series of one-on-one interviews and focus groups with faculty, staff, students and administration of the University to gain a holistic view of Academic Affairs.
This report should contain the information needed for the Division to begin an important transition in how technology supports the academic mission. While there are specific recommendations contained in the report, the Division of Academic Affairs and CSULB at large must take ownership of the transition and commit to the changes necessary to improve the technology practices of the Division.
There is an admirable passion in the Division for meeting the needs of academics. Most frequently, this passion is implemented based on personal relationships and history rather than any formalized process or system. There is a near-universal desire for more leadership and coordination within the Division. With one or two exceptions, the top desire of almost all groups or people interviewed was for a change - more coordination, guidance and even policies.
In summary, the way that Academic Affairs provides technology services is based on an ad hoc culture relying on individual effort and individual decision, often at the departmental and collegiate level, but seldom at the divisional level. CSULB has gone about as far as it can go with the current cultural pattern of technology services in Academic Affairs. Any real improvement in services will require a change in structure and pattern of decision-making.
The change process of improvement should focus on two levels - 1) making long-term cultural changes to how IT practices are provided while 2) simultaneously looking for short-term results on high-priority issues.
The purpose of this work is to assess the University's practices for developing and delivering Academic Affairs technology services, and jointly develop a plan for dramatically improving these practices. Part of the task for the assessment is to collect input from the division of Academic Affairs and the Colleges and determine the known gaps between what services the Division currently provides and what is needed. In addition, the assessment addresses the operational and organizational needs, resources required to execute the vision, and prioritized need of the Division.
The intent of the report is not to comprehensively document all of the interviews and focus groups, but instead is to summarize the key issues that emerged. The result of this synthesis of information will support the Division of Academic Affairs' strategic planning efforts for improving their IT practices. We believe that listening to current stakeholders and end users is the best method for creating a starting point for understanding the Division's needs.
This report provides an overall summary of the assessment effort along with specific recommendations for moving forward. We have assessed the IT practices of the Division of Academic Affairs. The practices of delivering IT products and services includes the following components:
A unique challenge of providing technology services within an academic institution is ensuring that the right systems and services are deployed: the IT practices that will make users' lives easier, and consequently will help the institution succeed in its academic mission. Traditional technology-focused assessment processes (focusing on the technologies themselves more so than any other component) are not really designed to solve user problems. Thus, institutions should evaluate their unique needs, rather than just look at the specific technologies being offered by vendors. Understanding where systems are being deployed, who uses them, how they need to integrate with existing and future systems, and what specific educational tasks they automate is important to deploying a successful set of IT practices.
Based on the above challenge, we have focused our assessment based on the perspective of real technology users, leaders and providers. In February and March 2007, we have conducted a series of one-on-one interviews and focus groups among the following constituencies:
First, we lay out the Findings from the interviews, organized by major constituency group. This section is followed by a Summary of Findings which follow from the assessment. This section is following by the Conclusions, which attempt to synthesize the findings into a cohesive whole. The final section are a set of Recommendations. We have also included a started document for the IT strategic planning effort to show how the assessment can feed into that effort.
For those needing to get the core of the argument and recommendations, you can safely skip to the Conclusions section.
We conducted interviews and focus groups with Deans, Associate Deans and technical staff at all of the academic colleges of the University. We asked each group similar questions, including "What are your biggest problems or challenges with technology?".
The collegiate Deans and Associate Deans historically have not been consulted in IT decisions across the Division. Technology has been treated by the Division as a non-strategic issue separate from the business of the University. While the collegiate administration is generally supportive of this effort for IT strategic planning, this group is looking for leadership within the Division. This leadership, however, should be consultative in nature.
The biggest over-riding issue for collegiate administration is the ability to get effective technical support. The status quo makes it very difficult to know "who, what, where" in obtaining support, and the support usually comes across as reactive.
The collegiate technical staff are generally frustrated by the decision-making style of the University and the lack of coordination. This group feels that they are not consulted on technical decisions and frequently face unfunded mandates. The result is a group of disaggregated staff providing ad hoc, duplicate services. This group's complaints, in my opinion, often get misinterpreted that they desire to run all of their own services, when in fact, they would like more common services that can make their lives simpler and more focused.
We conducted three faculty focus groups over a period of three consecutive evenings. The first focus group consisted of 13 Lecturers, the second focus group consisted of 7 New faculty members, and the third focus group consisted of 13 Tenured faculty members. In addition, we held a separate focus group for the Faculty Advisory Committee on Technology. These focus groups should not be viewed as comprehensively representing the views of all faculty, but rather the focus groups should be viewed as helping to identify emerging themes.
We asked each group similar questions, including "What are your biggest problems or challenges with technology?" A summary of our findings is as follows:
Lecturers categorized themselves as instructors who are dynamic, involved in the industry about which they teach, and tend to be more on the cutting edge of technology knowledge. They are passionate about using the latest technology in the classroom, to improve and enhance learning. They were most concerned with having easy, consistent access to technology- hardware and software- and receiving quick support and training the moment a problem would arise.
The New Faculty members were concerned with students' access to technology at home, pointing out that many CSULB students do not fit the typical college student profile and have busy lives outside class. They stressed the importance that students know "why" they are using technology to learn, and in return, that faculty should not assume all students know how to use technology in the classroom or at home. New faculty members seemed to be actively trying to balance research and instruction requirements, and they need support for both of these roles.
Tenured faculty members seem to have the experience and security to see beyond their physical needs as instructors and identify long term needs that, if met, will ensure that academics drive the function of the University. They are particularly concerned with the proper application of technology to the classroom, which should be an academic decision. This view does not argue against investment in technology; rather, it argues that effective use of technology should be our goal, whereas increased use of technology is not always appropriate.
Furthermore, there is a great need for communication, for collaborative purposes, but they have not seen any fulfillment of the potential for creative resource use. Many of the focus group members use current technology on a regular basis to teach their courses, and they collectively called out the need for restructuring technology funding sources and budget structures.
We held interviews with many non-collegiate departments to find out their uses of technology in their work and departmental goals, what their problems, needs, and wishes are, and the best and worst things about the current state of technology in their department. Departments interviewed include all Academic Advising departments, the Center for International Education, University Relations and Development, the Center for Community Engagement, the Learning Assistance Center, the Faculty Center for Professional Development, the Safety and Risk Management department, the Research Compliance department, the A/V and Classroom Services department, as well as an Academic Personnel Analyst and a System Support Specialist.
When asked, "What are your biggest problems or challenges with technology?" the instant response from these non-collegiate departments was almost always about a lack of funding for basic IT such as desktop computers. Some departments have grown steadily over the past few years, and have not received a budget increase to match their increasing technology needs. This situation has created a challenge for the minimally staffed system support specialists, leading them to "beg, borrow and steal" used and sometimes ancient computers and equipment from other departments around the University. The solution to funding and support problems is dependent on adequate IT leadership within the Division. These departments want someone in a position of authority, such as an AVP for Technology or a similar decision-making role, to advocate on behalf of their needs to the Administration of the University.
The needs of the non-collegiate departments are funding for the purchase of, replacement and repair of technology; leadership to facilitate the restructuring and distribution of budgets and funding; quick, reliable and personal support for desktops and equipment; training for staff on the use of technology and software programs; and securing of- and access to information through the integration of departmental software with Common Management System and/or Learning Management System.
The academic advising function represents a classic disconnect of the operational reality from the stated priorities of the University. At a time when the University so highly stresses the need to facilitate graduation, it is remarkable how the University has let technology services at the operational level impair its ability to help students. Given this disconnect, it is worth exploring the needs of Academic Advising separately.
In a nutshell, advisors spend far too much time checking and re-checking information without real technology support, and therefore far too little time actually advising students. Far too often, technology is an impediment to the advising mission.
The Library runs much like a business, and this model has worked to their advantage; they have a standard environment set up so that IT does not become the "bad guy", because managers make decisions and filter them down. With this said, the workload of the Library technical staff has increased dramatically since the creation of LATS, which now includes the campus help desk responsibilities, providing academic technology support for all of Academic Affairs, and more. They are customer-focused, but because of the large workload they are more reactionary than project-based. One of the farthest-reaching issues is that Academic Technologies is starved for basics because of a lack of resources for LATS to provide the support to the whole Division.
From these multiple perspectives, several themes clearly emerge from the assessment. The following section highlights the emergent themes that seem to represent common views across the campus.
Despite the purpose of the assessment to identify gaps in service and change opportunities, it is worth noting some of the strengths of the Division's technology practices. These strengths should be maintained during any change process, and indeed may provide the basis for making significant change to the Division's usage and provision of technology.
One of the key purposes for an assessment is to identify the known gaps between what is needed and what is currently being provided. These gaps can help to focus the organization on the most productive changes to make. Beyond the identified gaps in service identified in the previous section, there is another gap worth considering - a gap in vision.
Because the Division has been caught in a reactive mode of supporting technology, there are some key questions that the University must address. These questions should be part of the active discussion within the context of strategy formation and planning, yet we have noted very little discussion on the following topics.
These questions are critical for the future, and they get to the heart of how technology should be integrated into the academic mission of the University.
It is important to note that much of the following synthesis, as well as many of the key recommendations, emerges directly from campus personnel interviews. When asked what changes they would make if given no constraints (acting as 'king for a day' or 'queen for a day'), the majority of respondents gave consistent answers that directly support the following conclusions and recommendations.
For the Division to move forward together, it is important to not view the assessment as a series of disjoint findings. The true opportunity for change is to find the meaning behind the findings - to find the cohesive whole. The good news for this assessment is that the conclusions are simple. The bad news is that the conclusions are not easy to solve. The synthesis of issues is that the Division of Academic Affairs has gone about as far as it can go with the current cultural pattern of technology services. Any real improvement in services will require a change in organizational structure and in the pattern of decision-making. There are new demands the Division is facing - security and accessibility initiatives, increased expectations of technology usage - as well as the need to become unstuck from the Division's current situation.
While there are definite areas with insufficient resources, I do not believe this situation is a matter is just throwing more resources at the problem. There are many areas where there is unnecessary duplication of services, - e.g. help desk support and server maintenance - and there is a lack of vision on the future of technology usage. Adding resources to the current organization and model will not improve this situation. What is needed is a change in how decisions are made concerning technology within the Division of Academic Affairs.
The Division of Academic Affairs should make efforts to change the governance of technology services and implement a collaborative approach that focuses on centralized provision of common services and local provision of discipline-specific services. This collaborative approach requires a change in organization and a different approach to technology decision-making. By necessity, the governance of technology services within the Division of Academic Affairs should have a different approach than the governance within the Division of Administration and Finance. While there should be some overlap and lessons shared between the Divisions, the academic mission will always rely on some level of autonomous control by the colleges. The leadership approach of the Division of Academic Affairs must include both direct authority on common services and indirect influence on discipline-specific technologies and local support.
The governance of technology services should focus specifically on how technology decisions are made. Decisions that affect more than one local unit should have the following characteristics:
Technology affects almost every function of the University, and we need to elevate the discussion of how technology should serve the academic mission. CSULB has a history of decomposing issues into either HR issues, enrollment issues, technology issues, etc. Typically, this decomposition of issues pushes the technology conversation down to tactical matters such as how to run a specific server. This must change - technology must be seen as an integral part of the broader issues of the University.
Based on this view, the Division should not base the technology changes on abstract or technical IT concepts. These changes should be based on how technology affects the everyday lives of faculty, staff and students - the academic and business mission of the University. The issues should be framed based on users' needs, such as:
Furthermore, the change process should focus on two levels - 1) making long-term cultural changes to how IT practices are provided while 2) simultaneously looking for short-term results on high-priority issues.
Although there are different approaches to addressing the issues in this assessment, I am providing specific recommendations as a starting point. The following recommendations are strategic in nature and will take significant time to implement.
The Division needs to establish a leadership position for all Academic Technology that can directly and indirectly lead the complex organization of the Division. This person must be able to directly set priorities, policies and plans, while indirectly leading the colleges and library into a common vision moving forward. I recommend the Division add the role of Associate Vice President (AVP) for Technology.
This position could be a signal for real change to the Division, and not just reshuffling the deck chairs. The most important lever for change is the provision of dedicated, professional leadership of IT within the Division that can change the decision-making, coordination, and advocacy of IT. This person or group should report directly to the Provost.
What I am not recommending is for the campus to create a campus-wide CIO role at this point. The real change opportunities are within the Division of Academic Affairs, and a campus-wide CIO would not directly support the changes needed. It is possible that after the AVP for Technology role has been filled and changes are underway, the University may want to explore whether the campus should have a campus-wide CIO; however, this is not the time to worry about inter-divisional reorganization.
I am also not recommending that the colleges change their formal reporting structure for IT staff. Rather, the AVP for Technology should coordinate the various activities of the colleges in a persuasion style, while directly overseeing many of the central services provided for the Division. The decision of which services are local and which services are shared should be made in a collaborative environment, chaired by the AVP for Technology.
The purpose of the AVP for Technology position goes beyond merely adding one new position - the purpose is to facilitate changing how the Division of Academic Affairs makes technology decisions. The key characteristics of the AVP for Technology role and this recommendation are as follows:
The Division needs to get the library off the fence. Currently the library has been asked to provide many services for which it does not have the resources or decision-making authority to successfully implement. Either the Division needs to have the library pull back on only provide information delivery services (and not the technology support for the whole division), or the Division needs to give the library the resources and decision-making authority to adequately deliver the services.
My recommendation is that the libraryfocus its efforts on its strengths - providing solid enterprise IT and information services to the colleges, but not coordinating or directly supporting the whole Division. The broader leadership, coordination and support should be handled within a separate organization directly reporting to the new AVP for Technology. Talking more specifically, I recommend that the library continue to provide BeachBoard support, but that the new AVP for Technology's organization take over the Academic Computing Services role and any leadership efforts for the Division.
Although the AVP for Technology should be involved before final decisions are made, I recommend the Division begin a review of the IT funding model, including the investigation of whether to implement a campus-wide technology fee. The primary intent for exploring a technology fee is to directly fund common services for the Division rather than purely local technology spending. Furthermore, the Division needs to change its view of spending money on IT as a zero-sum game. Wise investment in technology can save money overall and can dramatically improve the educational mission of the University. This new view of investment most likely will need a change in funding and budgeting mechanisms over the long-term.
I would not recommend waiting for the AVP for Technology role to be filled before making improvements. The following recommendations should be started within the next month or two and are based on the high-priority issues identified in the assessment.
It is important that the Division avoid the temptation to make quick decisions - much of the current situation results from quick, ad hoc decisions. The point is to focus on collaborative decision-making with proper analysis and planning. The general theme of the short-term recommendations is to provide the basics of technology support in an effective, collaborative manner.
I recommend creating a transition team as a small group (4 - 6 people) directly reporting to the Provost and any management group she identifies. This transition team would be tasked with identifying specific actions and decisions to make improvements over the next year. The transition team should also serve as a model in the collaborative approach to technology leadership - combing direct decisions on common services and indirect influence on local services.
An important facet of the transition team's work is to establish Division-wide priorities for technology projects. What projects or initiatives have the top priority for the remainder of 2007?
The Division should be careful that any people on the transition team be back-filled for a portion of their regular jobs, to avoid people merely adding a second job and adding stress. The Division should also be careful that this transition team be given specific tasks and produce concrete results.
There needs to be two levels of advisory groups involved with the collaborative approach to technology leadership. One level must involve the collegiate administration, gaining their input and buy-in to future decisions. The second level must involve the technical staff, -within the library, colleges and Division - again gaining their input and buy-in to future decisions. These meetings should be facilitated and run somewhat more focused than typical steering committees.
In addition to the transition team, I recommend the transition team should name a representative to act as a facilitator and support the CTAG group. The primary focus of CTAG should be effective information sharing. The secondary focus of CTAG should be to support the transition team and CITC meetings with a holistic view from the colleges. A LATS representative should be included in these meetings. To make this group work, we need full participation from all colleges on CTAG - there should be one participant from each college at CTAG meetings. As this group will have members beyond just the colleges, the group may need to be renamed.
As a method to connect with collegiate administration, I recommend that we create a sub-group from the Senior Management Council (SMC) to act as a second advisory committee. This group should ensure that collegiate administration are involved in the changes and that any technology changes are integrated into the strategic business of the university.
These two advisory groups - CTAG and SMC - should not replace the existing standing committees that advice on technology. Rather, the role of CTAG and SMC should be to facilitate collaborative decision-making by the Division. The role of the standing committee - primarily FACT and CITC - should remain to advise and vet the recommended decisions and strategies of the Division.
Within the context of providing a coordinated vision, there are several issues that should be higher in priority than the others. Without addressing the following issues, it will be difficult to address the long-term needs of the University. I recommend the transition team should make specific recommendations on each issue, and the Provost and her management group should support this team with timely decisions.
There appears to be a growing need for the Division to manage system-wide initiatives. The two biggest initiatives right now are the Security Initiative and the Accessible Technology Initiative. While there are already efforts at CSULB to define the initiatives, there is little support in the way of helping colleges or departments to implement changes in a realistic manner. One key missing service for the Division is to provide this guidance - how should academic units realistically comply with policy. I recommend the transition team should provide this guidance on the security and accessibility initiatives, providing the bridge between policy and real-world implementation.
The Division needs a more formalized method to communicate priorities to the Division of Administration and Finance. This Division is looking for a consistent voice from Academic Affairs and it runs much more like a business than does the Division of Academic Affairs. Specifically, I recommend that the transition team and AVP for Technology start and maintain a monthly tracking system for the following:
This report should contain the information needed for the Division to begin an important transition in how technology supports the academic mission. While there are specific recommendations contained in the report, the Division of Academic Affairs and CSULB at large must take ownership of the transition and commit to the changes necessary to improve the technology practices of the Division.
The following section is provided as a quick-start document to support the campus-wide IT strategic planning. The format chosen is based on the initial strategic plan format discussed during the CITC meeting in March 2007.
Create a high quality learning environment focused on student success by providing faculty with the technology tools and support necessary for the delivery of instruction.
ORGANIZATION
Create AVP for Technology role, reporting to Provost
GOVERNANCE
Create cross-collegiate advisory committee as well as formalizing a facilitated CTAG
CLARIFY
Clarify library's role as providing information, systems and services to the colleges
FUNDING
Review the funding model for academic technology and ensure it supports the collaborative approach
Based on feedback from the assessment, aggressively focus on providing baseline support to academic units
TRANSITION TEAM
Create a transition team reporting to the Provost to begin work on the top priority issues
COMMON SERVICES
Using the new organization and governance, determine a list of services which should be provided by the Division and a list of services which should remain locally controlled
Define the needs and select technology to support the communications channels already in place
EMAIL AND CALENDARING
Provide a Division-wide email and calendaring system
PORTAL
Provide a Division-wide portal
COLLABORATION SYSTEM
Provide a Division-wide collaboration system capable of supporting ad hoc groups
When looking at organizational models of peer institutes, it appears there are three primary structures to support academic technology:
The same choices appear for organizations that run the campus Learning Management System, although the LMS provider does not need to be the same organization containing the top academic technology administrator.
It should be noted that the vast majority of universities do not publicly list their academic technology organizational structures, and quite often these organizational structures are not even listed internally.
In 2005, the California State University system performed an investigation of almost half all campuses related to academic technology, with an emphasis on Learning Management Systems. The following two findings from these campus visits are quite relevant to CSULB decisions.
Given the assessment of this report along with lessons from the CSU system and peer institutions, I am proposing the following structure as the starting point for CSULB organizational changes.
The AVP for Technology will serve as a focal point to elevate the technology discussions within the Division of Academic Affairs and to coordinate the complex organization. Note the direct-line authority over common services (ACS, Classroom Support / AV, Computer Lab Management as example services) as well as the dotted-line influence on local collegiate and library services.
The following services should be evaluated by CTAG to determine the proper organization to own the service. The analysis should be based on the general principle of centralizing services that are shared across multiple colleges, localizing services that are discipline-specific, and applying combined management of complex services. Any common services provided for the whole Division must be customer-oriented services - based on meeting the users' needs and with quick response times. The purpose of the common services is effective collaboration rather than centralization per se.
| Service | Organization |
|---|---|
| Server management | Central in AT or ITS |
| Storage and backup of data | Central in AT or ITS |
| Help Desk |
Combined approach:
|
| Common email and calendaring | Central in AT or ITS |
| Computer lab management | Combined - central management of software licenses and security; local management of software selection and support |
| Printers and copiers | Central in AT |
| Learning Management System | Central in Library |
| Collaboration Tools | Central in Library |
| Web Site Management | Combined - central in Library and Public Affairs for servers, content management and template design; local in content creation, template usage and content updates |